What influenced Utopian Communities?

Answer 1

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The word utopia means "an idealized place of perfection." As a reaction against the industrializing, capitalist society of their time, Utopians sought to establish a new type of community based on economic cooperation and a new social order. For example, a British capitalist named Robert Owen began a community in New Harmony, Indiana, that was modeled after one he'd built in Scotland. Although the community's innovative approaches to education, childcare, and cooperative living were initially successful, internal conflicts led to it's disintegration in 1827.

The Oneida Community, a religious and utopian community, began in New York in 1848. The beliefs of this group caused quite a stir at the time, so much so that they became a tourist attraction. The group believed in sharing everything in the community including chores, material possessions, and sexual partners. The Oneida Community believed that to be married in the traditional sense was selfish and would lead to negative emotions like jealousy. Thus all partners were shared in what was known as a "complex marriage." This practice was eventually outlawed in 1879, at which time the community gave up complex marriage and converted itself to a silverware-manufacturing company that's still in business to this day.

Another such utopian community was Brook Farm, which was most notably associated with Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson. Though Brook Farm was ultimately unsuccessful, Transcendentalism remained one of the most significant movements of the time.