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By conquest. Warfare is another term.
Islam did not spread the same way throughout all of Africa. In North Africa, Islam spread by conquest. In West Africa and along the Indian Ocean, Islam spread by contact between Muslim merchants and local Non-Muslims.
Blocking its primary trade routes.
The spread of Islam
The spread of Islam in the East, West, and South Africa was a gradual process. The spread of Islam helped with trade practices, education, and literacy.
the spread of Islam.
Spread of Islam was not hindered in east africa, it reached as far as Zambia, Mozambique and further south to Rwanda
The Middle Ages were already under way when Islam began to spread in Arabia. It spread to Persia and Palestine. Then it spread into India, across North Africa, into other parts of Africa, to Asia Minor, to Central Asia, Southeast Asia, to Spain, Sicily, Southern Italy, the Balkans, the Philippines, and Indonesia. There is a link below.
Islam and by the arabs
islam
As far as I know, Muslim merchants had the honor to spread Islam in both Africa and southeastern Asia. You may find Masjids spread in western Africa carrying the names of their builders, or perhaps they are buried nearby.
Islam began to spread in Africa in the seventh century, the same century in which Quran revelation by God to Prophet Muhammad started.