I. Kohlberg Moral Development-3 levels, 6 substages

· Level 1 = Pre-conventional Level
- Stage 1; punishment and obedience orientation, ages 5-7
o Can't take 2 perspectives into account
o Ignore people's intentions (can't process other's ideas)
o Focus on authority/avoidance of punishment
- Stage 2; instrumental orientation, ages 7-10
o Become aware of other's perspectives
o Focused on fairness
o Thinking is concrete
o Reciprocity is understood as an equal exchange of favors
§ "You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours"
· Level 2 = Conventional Level
- Stage 3; "good girl, good boy" orientation, ages 10-12
o Follow rules to gain/maintain approval
o Reciprocity means the "Golden Rule"
o New cognitive ability to understand outside situation and reason from multiple perspectives (SELMAN)
- Stage 4; social order orientation, ages 12-15
o Rules must be followed to ensure social order
o Moral choices no longer depend on close ties to others
· Level 3 = Post-conventional (or Principled) Level
- Stage 5; social contract orientation, ages 15+ for Kohlberg, 15-19 for those who thought stage 6 was attainable
o Laws/rules are flexible instruments for furthering human purposes
o Free and willing participation in the system b/c it brings more good to more people
§ i.e. you pay more taxes if you make more money
- Stage 6; universal ethics orientation, ages 19 + however Kohlberg thought that this stage is unachieved by most
o Right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience
§ Valid for all humanity regardless of the law (i.e. Jesus, Gandhi, MLK Jr.