Microbes cause many diseases, to make this even broader microbes encompass a whole range of microscopic organisms that can cause diseases. But since you asked for any old common one: the Influenza...
There are many. One common one is strep throat, caused by the streptococcus bacteria (which is a microbe).
swine flu (influenza mixed with H1N1)
syphilis, Lyme and TB
Sleeping sicknessLeishmaniasisChgasWest NeilCryptosporidiumVenereal diseasesAnthraxleprosyDiphtheriaMononucleosisRabiesMeaslesTrichinosisSmallpoxBotulismTBWhooping coughCommon coldsYellow...