That looks like two questions mashed together, "What are the components of the processor?" and "How does a processor complete a machine cycle?". You'll find the answers to each of those questions by...
Because the printed circuits are so small that you need a microscope to see them.
The JC (Jump on Carry) instruction on the 8085 will use 4 T states if the jump does not occur and 10 T states if the jump does occur.
Fetch>Decode>Execute>Save
A buffer is merely a temporary storage used in conjunction with computation.