In information technology / database technology this would be a data table. Conceptually, think of it as a spread sheet. Each row contains a set of columns. The values in the columns usually represent a single instantiation of a entity.
Table
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A saved workbook in excel is called a spreadsheet. It contains one or more worksheets, which is an arrangement of columns and rows.
A collection of data organized into columns and rows generally is called a TABLE.
Data in order from smallest to largest or vice-versa is called numerical order. It is a systematic arrangement of numbers.
COLUMNS columns
The vertical columns are called "Groups''The horizontal columns are called "Periods"The vertical columns of the periodic table are known as groups.
An arrangement of polygonal regions could be called a tessellation. This usually occurs when these regions are placed over a plane. The shapes in these regions are usually hexagons, equilateral triangles, and squares.
The only chemistry term I can think of that would apply is "series of columns". I'm not really a chromatographer, but it's possible that such an arrangement might be useful in some of the more esoteric applications. If you're talking about architecture, I believe the term is "colonnade".
These columns are called groups.
columns
periods are the rows and families are the columns
The columns are called groups (or, sometimes, families). The rows are called periods.