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Capillarity is the ability of a solution to rise up in a tube with a very low diameter, even against gravity. It is caused by surface tension, cohesion of the liquid, and adhesion to the walls of the tube.
Kendrick Rau
Rollin Carter
Capillarity is the ability of a solution to rise up in a tube with a very low diameter, even against gravity. It is caused by surface tension, cohesion of the liquid, and adhesion to the walls of the tube.
Wiki User
∙ 13y agoThis is the increased amount of capillaries over the muscles which mean more blood flows which give you more oxygen, and nutrients so you will be able to participate in the exercise longer. the more capillaries you have the quicker the oxygen gets to the muscles.
Wiki User
∙ 6y agoCapillarity is the ability of a solution to rise up in a tube with a very low diameter, even against gravity. It is caused by surface tension, cohesion of the liquid, and adhesion to the walls of the tube.
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When does capillarization occur?
due to an increase in the stroke volume and also the increase in blood volume. it has to keep up with the required levels of oxygen, vital after long term exersice.
Why There is a network of capillaries in each organ?
It's called capillarization and means that every cell of your body organs/ tissues is getting blood supply for it to function properly by getting nutrients and oxygen from blood as well as eliminating waste products/toxins
What makes muscles grow?
The primary difference between the effects of rep ranges on the adaptive response depends on whether the load affects neural factors (low reps) or metabolic factors (higher reps). When you train with low reps (1 - 5), the adaptations that make you stronger are mostly neurological: You develop an increased ability to recruit more muscle fibers, you stimulate the higher threshold fibers that are not activated with high rep, low weight sets, you decrease neuromuscular inhibition, and there is increased coordination between the muscle groups. However, with low reps, the hypertrophy (size increase) of the muscle fibers is minimal. In other words, reps under 6 make you stronger, but they don't necessarily make you bigger because the strength gains come from adaptations in the nervous system - the muscle fibers and other muscle cell structures do not hypertrophy (enlarge). This explains why certain athletes, powerlifters and Olympic lifters can be wicked strong but they don't look as strong as they are. When you train with medium reps (6-12) the adaptations are more metabolic and cellular and only moderately neurological. This is why 6-12 reps is the range most often recommended for bodybuilding and hypertrophy. You get bigger and stronger in this rep range, but your strength gains are not maximal. This explains why some bodybuilders look stronger than they are (and why they are often the brunt of jokes made by powerlifters and weight lifters; i.e. "big, weak, slow, useless muscles", ha ha). When you train with higher reps (13-20+), the adaptations are mostly metabolic and cellular. This rep range produces local muscular endurance, a small degree of hypertrophy in certain cellular components such as the mitochondria and the capillaries, and very little strength. There is not a distinct line where neural adaptations end and structural/metabolic adaptations begin; rather it is a continuum, like temperature or colors of a rainbow. For example, when you train in the 6-8 rep range, the adaptations are still somewhat neural, but also metabolic/structural: In this rep range, you get excellent strength gains and also excellent hypertrophy. In the 8-12 rep range, there is still some neural adaptation, but less than the 6-8 range and much less than the 1-5 range. The advantage of the 8-12 rep range is that you get maximal hypertrophy (this is the best rep range for pure size increases when strength is not the number one concern). You will also get stronger, of course, but not nearly to the degree as you would training with lower reps. Rep range Percent of 1 rep max Training Effect Goal desired1-5 reps85-100%NeuralStrength & power, little hypertrophy6-8 reps75-85%Neural & metabolicStrength & Hypertrophy9-12 reps70-75%Metabolic & NeuralHypertrophy & some strength13-20+ reps60-70%Metaboliclocal endurance, some hypertrophy, little strength Now, what exactly happens inside the muscle to make it get bigger and not necessarily stronger? Quite simply, ALL the structures inside the muscle cell grow when exposed to the appropriate training stimulus. Remember back in high school when you had to memorize those diagrams of cellular anatomy (or you would get an F in the class)? There were all kinds of organelles and cell structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria, the Golgi complex, ribosomes, centrioles, Lysosomes, and cytoplasm. Remember all that stuff? If you're anything like me, you defied your biology teacher to explain the reason why you had to memorize all that crap and what good it would do you in the "real world." Well, now that you're in the "real world" and you want strength and muscles, here you go: A muscle cell has all the same cell structures as other body cells, and they all take up space. When speaking of the muscle cell, you mostly hear about the mitochondria (the cellular powerhouse where energy production takes place), the myofibrils (the actual muscle fibers themselves) and the fluid inside the cell (called cytoplasm in other body cells, or in the case of the muscle cell, its called sarcoplasm). Myofibrillar hypertrophy is caused most effectively in the 6-8 rep range. This contributes to the most visible increases in muscle mass and cross sectional width. However, that doesn't mean you should only train in the 6-8 rep range. If you want to make the other "stuff" in the muscle cell grow as well, you should train in all rep ranges. The mitochondria and sarcoplasm also take up a substantial amount of space in the muscle cell and they are best stimulated with high reps. High rep training can also stimulate increased capillarization in the muscle (just ask former Mr. Universe and Mr. Legs himself, Tom Platz, about the effectiveness of high rep leg training done in addition to the low and medium rep training). In addition, there is more than one type of muscle fiber: you have slow twitch (type I) and fast twitch (type IIa and IIb). Slow twitch muscle fibers also hypertrophy from higher reps (although they have the least potential for size increases, which is why you should spend more time below 13 reps if it's muscle mass you're after). So here's the take home lesson: If you're an athlete and your primary goal is strength and power for improved sports performance, then a good majority of your training is going to be in the 1-5 rep range. This will help make you stronger, faster and more powerful without adding muscle bulk. If you're a bodybuilder and your primary goal is muscle mass, then the majority of your training should be done in the 6-12 rep range, but you should also do a little bit of training in the 3-5 rep range for power and strength, which will later facilitate hypertrophy (and prevent the powerlifters from making fun of you), and you should do a little bit of training in the 13-20+ rep range to facilitate the development of slow twitch muscle fiber, build mitochondrial density and increase capillarization Source: http://www.ironmagazine.com/article180.HTML
What is boop disease?
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing PneumoniaBronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) was described in 19851 as a distinct entity, with different clinical, radiographic, and prognostic features than the airway disorder obliterative bronchiolitis2 and the interstitial fibrotic lung disorder usual interstitial pneumonia/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (UIP/IPF).3 BOOP is characterized by polyploid endobronchial connective tissue masses composed of myxoid fibroblastic tissue resembling granulation tissue filling the lumens of terminal and respiratory bronchioles and extending in a continuous fashion into alveolar ducts and alveoli, representing an organizing pneumonia (Figure 1).1-3 Other histological features include central clusters of mononuclear inflammatory cells possibly found in the intraluminal polyps (the polyps appear to float freely within a bronchiole or are focally attached to the wall), chronic inflammation in the walls of the surrounding alveoli with reactive type II cells, increased foamy macrophages in the alveoli, and preserved lung architecture.2BOOP continues to be reported throughout the world.4-7 Most patients have idiopathic BOOP, but there are several known causes of BOOP, and several systemic disorders have BOOP as an associated primary pulmonary lesion (Table 1). The BOOP pattern might also occur as a secondary process in several clinical settings, such as the inflammatory-appearing lesion of UIP/IPF, with Wegener granulomatosis, in the walls of lung abscesses, around lymphoma or other neoplasms, and with bronchiectasis. In these patients, the underlying process is the primary cause of symptoms and the subsequent clinical course.The terms organizing pneumonia and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia are sometimes used for the broad category of patients with organizing pneumonia. There are several reasons that the term BOOP should continue to be used for the clinical disorder and corresponding pathological lesion described in this review. First, investigators and clinicians throughout the world recognize the clinical and pathological features of this disorder, and they commonly use the term BOOP. Second, BOOP is a histological process that involves distal airways and alveoli simultaneously. Although various lung diseases represent a chronic inflammatory process, it is now apparent that the processes differ markedly among various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and BOOP, with different inflammatory cells, mediators, inflammatory effects, and response to treatment.8 Therefore, an inflammatory lesion that involves only airways or only alveoli may have different inflammatory components than the BOOP lesion that involves airway and alveoli simultaneously. Third, investigations of specific treatments for BOOP will be more strongly positive if the specific definition of BOOP is used for inclusion of patients rather than using the broad definition of organizing pneumonia. This is similar to IPF, in which many distinct histological disorders were included in this category in the past, resulting in dilution of the actual mechanism and poor treatment results. Now that IPF is limited to UIP,3 the opportunity to fully characterize the fibrotic pathway is much greater, and antifibrotic treatment tailored to this fibrotic pathway will be tested more efficiently and accurately.Pathogenesis of BOOPBOOP is an inflammatory lung disease and thus is related to the inflammatory pathway rather than the fibrosing pathway that occurs with UIP/IPF. The inflammatory response associated with disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, granulomatous diseases, and BOOP have common features of the sequential inflammatory response, yet these disorders seem to have differences that have not yet been fully characterized. These differences are important because treatment directed toward one type of inflammatory response might not be effective against another type.8There is newly formed fibromyxoid connective tissue in BOOP and UIP/IPF; in BOOP it can be completely reversed by corticosteroid therapy, but in UIP/IPF this tissue participates in the remodeling and destruction of the interstitium.9, 10 Reasons for the response to corticosteroid in BOOP and the destruction in UIP/IPF remain unknown.11 There seems to be abundant capillarization in the intra-airway fibromyxoid lesions in BOOP compared with minimal vascularization in UIP/IPF.9 This might be because of vascular growth factors in BOOP that will result in normal apoptosis (natural-occurring cell death) in BOOP but not in UIP/IPF. Results of an additional study10 showed that the apoptotic activity is higher in the fibromyxoid lesion of BOOP compared with UIP/IPF, suggesting that apoptosis has an important role in the resolution process of the newly formed connective tissue in BOOP.Diagnosing BOOPLung biopsy continues to be the preferred method for establishing a diagnosis. The video-assisted thoracoscopic procedure has become the established technique. In a study12 of 49 patients who underwent the video-assisted thoracoscopic procedure for interstitial lung disease, the mean length of the operation was 45 minutes, the chest tube was inserted for 1.3 days, there were no deaths, there were no reexplorations, and none were converted to an open thoracotomy.Radiographic findings of BOOPThe typical chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy (alveolar) infiltrates (Figure 2A). Cavities are rare, although 4 of 5 patients with a single pulmonary nodule had cavitation.13 Effusions are rare. Linear opacities occurring at the bases are usually associated with a poorer prognosis; however, a study6 of BOOP in 23 patients in Korea indicated recovery in all patients regardless of their radiographic findings. Generally, the infiltrates gradually enlarge from their original site or new infiltrates appear as the clinical course progresses; however, migratory or "mobile" pulmonary infiltrates have been reported6, 14, 15 in 10% to 25% of patients. Unilateral BOOP also has been reported.16, 17The chest computed tomographic scan shows findings similar to the chest radiograph, with bilateral areas of consolidation and ground glass opacities, usually with a peripheral location (Figure 2 B). Costabel et al15 reported that sometimes the peripheral opacities are in the form of triangles, with the base of the triangle along the pleural surface and the tip of the triangle toward the mediastinum (Figure 2 C). In a study18 from England, high-resolution chest computed tomographic scans showed 2 types of linear opacities: the first extends in a radial manner along the line of the bronchi toward the pleura and the second occurs in a subpleural location with no relation to the bronchi. Both types usually occur in the lower lobes, frequently associated with multifocal areas of consolidation, and usually completely resolve with treatment.Treatment of BOOPPrednisone, with its potent anti-inflammatory property, continues to be recommend as first-line treatment for patients with symptomatic and progressive disease. Patients with asymptomatic mass lesions or nonprogressive disease can be observed and treated at a later time if needed. The dosage is generally 1 mg/kg (60 mg/d) for 1 to 3 months, then 40 mg/d for 3 months, then 10 to 20 mg/d or every other day for a total of 1 year. Every-other-day scheduling can be successfully used for this disorder. A shorter 6-month course may be sufficient in certain situations. Total and permanent recovery is seen in most patients and is somewhat dependent on the cause or associated systemic disorders. Anecdotally, erythromycin, inhaled triamcinolone, and cyclophosphamide have been used to treat BOOP.19-21 Epidemiological studies of these agents have not yet been performed for confirmation of efficacy.Recurrence of BOOPIn patients treated for less than 1 year, BOOP might recur in one third. It is a lung disorder that can be successfully treated a second and third time with the previously responsive dosage level of prednisone.1 Relapse of BOOP may be related to the severity of the illness. In a group of 7 patients who had a relapse it was found that the level of hypoxemia at the time of diagnosis was the most important determinant of relapse22; however, Cordier11 did not find this relation.For patients who do not respond to treatment, it is important to determine if the BOOP pattern is primary or secondary. On close evaluation by a lung pathologist, the biopsy specimen that shows the BOOP pattern might also show the typical leading edge of "fibroblastic foci" that indicates UIP/IPF. The BOOP pattern might respond to corticosteroid therapy, yet the fibrotic process of UIP/IPF is the driving force of the progressively deteriorating clinical course.Types of BOOPIdiopathic BOOP is the most common type.1 A flulike illness, fever, and an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate continue to be typical findings of this form of BOOP. Cough and dyspnea are common but generally mild. Hemoptysis is uncommon, although it has been reported in 2 patients as a presenting symptom23 and in some patients with nodules.13, 24 Crackles occur in two thirds of patients. Pneumothorax has occurred as a complication of BOOP in one patient with an effusion,25 one with a solitary nodule,26 and another with respiratory distress.27 Results of pulmonary function studies show mildly to moderately decreased vital capacity. The flow rates are normal except in smokers. The diffusing capacity is decreased in almost all patients, although generally mildly to moderately. The prognosis of idiopathic BOOP remains good, some patients resolve without treatment, and 65% to 80% of patients treated with corticosteroid therapy are cured.Rapidly Progressive BOOP can occur in a small percentage of patients, but it is a deadly form of the disease.28, 29 In some of these patient reports, there was an underlying fibrotic process as the cause of the ultimate fatal course, with BOOP as a secondary component, yet some patients seemed to have a primary, rapidly developing BOOP, which had a better prognosis. This form of BOOP occurs equally in men and women and at all ages. It can occur in healthy, vigorous individuals or can be associated with other systemic disorders. The course can be rapid, with 1 to 3 days of symptoms and acute respiratory failure. Patients might present with adult respiratory distress syndrome, with pathological findings indicating an organizing adult respiratory distress syndrome pattern with the appearance of BOOP.30 Clinically, rapidly progressive BOOP can be indistinguishable from acute interstitial pneumonia.31, 32 Early histological diagnosis of the primary BOOP lesion and initiation of corticosteroid therapy might improve survival in these patients.29Focal Nodular BOOP was reported33 in 1989 in 5 of 16 patients with idiopathic BOOP. Since then it has become a clinically important process, especially because it might be indistinguishable from carcinoma of the lung.13, 26, 34-36 Although some focal nodular lesions might progress to the typical bilateral process of idiopathic BOOP, most do not, and resection results in a cure.Multiple Nodular Lesions can also occur,34, 35 and most regress spontaneously. Of 12 patients with multiple large nodules or masses, all had complete resolution of their symptoms, 10 with no therapy and 2 after corticosteroid therapy.34 In these patients, pleuritic chest pain was the most common presenting symptom, occurring in 50%. The number of masses varied from 2 to 8 (mean, 5). The authors concluded that BOOP should be considered when multiple large nodular lesions have chest computed tomographic findings showing air bronchograms, irregular margins, broad pleural tags, parenchymal bands, or subpleural lines.Clinician investigators36 in New Orleans suggest that BOOP may have a connection to reports of spontaneous regression of lung metastases. They concluded that a major reason that reports of spontaneous regression of lung metastasis have decreased in recent years is the increasing emphasis on obtaining diagnostic tissue of multiple nodular lesions for lung metastasis, many of which have proven to be BOOP.Postinfection BOOP can develop after a variety of different types of infectious pneumonias,11 including those caused by bacterial agents such as Chlamydia,37 Legionella, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae38 and viral agents such as parainfluenza virus16 and adenovirus.39 Parasitic infections such as malaria40 and fungal infections, including Cryptococcus neoformans41 and Pneumocystis carinii,42 have also been reported as a cause of the BOOP lesion.Generally for these patients, there is initial improvement of the infectious pneumonia with use of appropriate antimicrobial agents, but after a few days, it becomes apparent that the symptoms and radiographic findings persist. The pneumonia process has now become organized into the BOOP lesion. Corticosteroid treatment at this point is almost always successful.Drug-related BOOP has been reported11, 15 from use of several different types of medications, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as bleomycin sulfate, gold, and methotrexate; antibiotics such as sulfasalazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, cephalosporins, and amphotericin B; illicit use of cocaine; and a massive dose of L-tryptophan. Minocycline-associated BOOP has been reported43 in a woman who was taking this medication for acne. Descriptions of amiodarone-related BOOP continue to be reported.44 Phenytoin-related BOOP with rapid improvement after corticosteroid therapy has been reported.45 There has been a report46 of a woman who developed carbamazepine-induced lupus erythematosus and associated BOOP, both of which responded to corticosteroid therapy. There has been a report47 of ticlopidine hydrochloride, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, associated with BOOP that resolved after withdrawal of the agent. BOOP has now been added to the spectrum of pulmonary lesions associated with nitrofurantoin.48Rheumatologic or connective tissue BOOP is clinically similar to the idiopathic form and has been reported49-57 with all of the connective tissue diseases. BOOP represents the patchy infiltrative lesions seen in patients with lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, and dermatomyositis. The process often responds to corticosteroid therapy, unlike the fibrotic process that may occur in these disorders.There has been a report of a patient with BOOP associated with dermatomyositis that was resistant to corticosteroid therapy; with initiation of cyclophosphamide therapy, there was improvement of pulmonary and cutaneous findings.52 BOOP can also occur in patients with ankylosing spondylitis,53 polymyalgia rheumatica,54, 55 and Behçet disease56 and might be the first manifestation of a connective disorder.57Immunologic disease BOOP has been reported with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome58 and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia.59Bone marrow transplantation BOOP has been described in patients who underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation. There has also been a report of BOOP in a patient who received a syngeneic bone marrow transplant from his twin brother.60 There is an additional report of a patient who developed ulcerative colitis and BOOP 7 months after receiving a bone marrow transplant from his brother.61 It was not clear whether the BOOP was associated with the ulcerative colitis or from another cause, such as a cytomegalovirus infection. Too few reports have been published to determine whether BOOP in these patients is an incidental finding or represents a complication of bone marrow transplantation.Lung transplantation BOOP has been reported62, 63 in 10% to 28% of lung transplant recipients. The lesion generally occurs 1 to 10 months after transplantation and is usually associated with the acute rejection reaction. The process is reversible for most of these patients, especially if the underlying acute rejection is successfully treated. The BOOP lesion may occur before the onset of obliterative bronchiolitis,62 and whether this is a risk factor for lung transplantation obliterative bronchiolitis has not been established, but it is prudent to treat the BOOP reactions aggressively in these patients. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia-associated BOOP has also been described63 in lung transplant recipients and is generally responsive to corticosteroid therapy.Renal transplantation BOOP has been described64 in 1 patient 12 weeks after transplantation. A rapid recovery occurred after an increase of the daily dose of methylprednisolone.Radiotherapy BOOP has become an important clinical disorder in patients receiving radiotherapy to the breast.65-68 Symptoms might occur 1 to 12 months after completion of radiotherapy. Symptoms might be minimal, but most patients have fever, nonproductive cough, and mild shortness of breath. The chest radiograph shows peripheral patchy or alveolar infiltrates, often outside the radiation field.66 One study68 indicated that all 11 patients studied had spontaneous migration of infiltrates from the irradiated lung to the contralateral nonirradiated lung with no nodular or reticular lesions. There can be a dramatic improvement with corticosteroid therapy, but relapses may occur.66, 67 Some investigators66, 68 have suggested that radiotherapy may "prime" the development of BOOP. Bronchoalveolar lavage studies of these patients indicate an increase in lymphocytes, mast cells, CD3 cells, and CD8 cells and a decrease in CD4 cells and the CD4-CD8 ratio68; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown.Environment-related BOOP continues to be reported rarely. In 1992, textile printing dye-related BOOP was described in 22 textile airbrush workers.69 Six died initially. Follow-up of some of the workers indicated gradual improvement over time.70 It has been suggested69 that the cause was related to the spraying of a respirable aerosol into the distal airways and alveoli; however, the reactive chemical agent and mechanism remain unclear. It is also not known whether the organizing pneumonia was a de novo process or resulted from the late organization of pulmonary edema.69 Penicillium mold dust-related BOOP has been described71 in a patient who developed BOOP after inhalation of powdery dust of a growth of Penicillium janthinellum mold on the top of a discarded orange juice container. Smoke inhalation BOOP has been reported72 in a patient who was in a house fire and had erythema nodosum.Miscellaneous BOOP continues to be reported, eg, in association with myelodysplastic syndrome,73 Hunner interstitial cystitis,74 chronic thyroiditis,75 alcoholic cirrhosis,75 and, in England, seasonal syndrome with cholestasis.76 It has been reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection,77 with one report during pregnancy.78 Inflammatory bowel disease-related BOOP has been described79 as an important treatable disorder in these patients. The BOOP lesion might be associated with lymphoma, and an atypical course of what is thought to be idiopathic BOOP may indicate a neoplastic process such as a lymphoma.80 Recurrent BOOP responsive to prednisone treatment has been reported in T-cell leukemia.81, 82 BOOP has also been reported in primary biliary cirrhosis83 and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.84ConclusionThe busy clinician will see patients with a febrile illness and patchy infiltrates who have not responded to antibiotic drug therapy. The patient might have BOOP. Sometimes this disorder is treated in the hospital, but it is generally managed on an ambulatory basis. Typical idiopathic BOOP is characterized by a flulike illness, bilateral crackles, and patchy infiltrates and can be cured in 65% to 80% of patients with prednisone therapy. BOOP has become an important consideration in the diagnosis of focal nodular lesions. Postinfectious pneumonia BOOP remains a treatable process. BOOP occurs in virtually all of the connective tissue disorders and generally responds to corticosteroid therapy. It is an important treatable inflammatory lung disease.
