Dr Renesis Likert has studied human behaviour within many organisations.After extensive research, Dr. Rensis Likert concluded that there are four systems of management. According to Likert, the efficiency of an organisation or its departments is influenced by their system of management. Likert categorised his four management systems as follows;
Exploitive authoritative system (1)
In this type of management system the job of employees/subordinates is to abide by the decisions made by managers and those with a higher status than them in the organisation. The subordinates do not participate in the decision making. The organisation is concerned simply about completing the work. The organisation will use fear and threats to make sure employees complete the work set. There is no teamwork involved.
Benevolent authoritative system (2)
Just as in an exploitive authoritative system, decisions are made by those at the top of the organisation and management. However employees are motivated through rewards (for their contribution) rather than fear and threats. Information may flow from subordinates to managers but it is restricted to "what management want to hear".
Consultative system (3)
In this type of management system, subordinates are motivated by rewards and a degree of involvement in the decision making process. Management will constructively use their subordinates ideas and opinions. However involvement is incomplete and major decisions are still made by senior management. There is a greater flow of information (than in a benevolent authoritative system) from subordinates to management. Although the information from subordinate to manager is incomplete and euphemistic.
Participative (group) system (4)
Management have complete confidence in their subordinates/employees. There is lots of communication and subordinates are fully involved in the decision making process. Subordinates comfortably express opinions and there is lots of teamwork. Teams are linked together by people, who are members of more than one team. Likert calls people in more than one group "linking pins". Employees throughout the organisation feel responsible for achieving the organisation's objectives. This responsibility is motivational especially as subordinates are offered economic rewards for achieving organisational goals which they have participated in setting.
Likerts Ideal System
Likert believes that if an organisation is to achieve optimum effectiveness then the "ideal" system to adopt is Participative (system 4).
Contribution margin ratio is overall total contribution margin while contribution margin ration per unit is the allocation of total production contribution margin to per unit basis.
Formula for calculating average Contribution margin Average contribution margin = total contribution margin / total number of units
Contribution margin for per machine hour is as follows:total contribution margin / number of machine hours = contribution margin per hour
Contribution margin per unit = Contribution margin / number of units of products Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Net sales The formula is different for both situations because contribution margin per unit calculates the contribution margin for one unit of product while contribution margin ratio calculates the contribution margin for total overall sales as overall sales may be included different mix of products with diff rent fixed and variable costs that's why both of these are calculated separately
Formula for contribution is as follows: Sales revenue xxxx Less: Variable cost xxxx Contribution margin xxxx
Rensis Likert was born on 1903-08-05.
Rensis Likert died on 1981-09-03.
A Likert Scale Questionnaire is one where the subjects are asked to mark how much they agree with the point of view in the item. Rensis Likert devised it first. An item in a Likert Questionnaire could be "People who commit murder should be executed." The format for a five-point Likert scale could be: # Strongly disagree # Disagree # Neither agree nor disagree # Agree # Strongly Agree The results are either analyzed separately, or the whole scale may be totalled or summed. Because of this, Likert Scales are often called "Summative Scales".
Raffaello de Rensis has written: 'Ottorino Respighi' 'Franco Faccio e Verdi'
Felix de Rensis has written: 'Istituzione di patologia chirurgica' -- subject(s): Pathology, Surgery
real definition of likert scale?
It depends on the specific likert scale, but generally it is the ordinal level
Can a 3-point scale also be called a Likert scale?? PS
The Likert type question is used to determine the respondent attitude or feeling on a particular specific item. There are numerous ways to set up the answer types on the Likert scale; see the related links.
Quantitative
Quantitative
Likert