Fundamental quantities are such things as the kilogram ( a physical mass of metal), the Metre (now defined by reference to atomic oscillations).
[In detail, metre, second, kg, mole, Kelvin, candela.]
Derived quantities are such things as the force due to gravity, acceleration, and more obvious ones such as ml, cm, and so on.
The SI does not define 'fundamental quantity', instead it uses the term 'Base Unit'. All other units are 'Derived Units', so-called because they are each derived from combinations of Base Units.