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IN 1985 graphite was heated by chemist to a very high temperature and new allotrope's carbon was made.THE molecules of these are spherical and 60 carbon atoms are joined together in it. this name was fullerence
Monserrate Heidenrei...
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What is fullering in forging?
What is fullering in rorging
Why is caulking and fullering is done on riveted joints?
Caulking :TO make metal to metal contact Fullering :To have rivet to part contact.
What is fullering in metal forming process?
Fullering is the type of forming used to produce parts of verying or cross sections Ex. Connecting rod of an automobile engine
Why do the medieval towns stink?
If you were to be transported back to a town such as Canterbury (in Kent) during the medieval period, the first thing you would notice would be the smells.Many of the crafts and trades being carried out produced awful smells, including salting fish, brewing, fullering, tanning, dyeing and butchering. In Canterbury the small square just outside the cathedral gate was used for slaughtering cattle (a nearby lane is still called "Butchery Lane" today). Many processes used stale urine as a free source of ammonia - this was an important part of "fullering" or cleaning woollen cloth for clothing.Another major source of bad smells were the two huge dunghills just outside Canterbury's walls (every town had them). Cesspits behind the houses would be emptied periodically by men armed with spades and carts, who were known as "gongfermers". These men took away the human waste and piled it on the two dunghills, where it gradually rotted over a period of 18 months or 2 years. Then it was taken away for use as manure on the fields.A road just outside Canterbury is today called "Oaten Hill", although there is no hill there. The road's course preserves the site of the old medieval dunghill, but today there are only houses and shops
Was the streets in the middle ages really used for dumping?
Villages, towns and cities had no drainage or sewage systems, except if this was built to serve a monastery (as at Canterbury in Kent). Most houses had no running water, no plumbing, no waste disposal and no sewage system; in daylight people visited the cesspit located in ground at the rear of their property, which might be partially covered to create a privy. At night it was easier to empty waste out of upper windows into the streets, which were effectively open sewers. In some places urine was put outside in containers to be collected, since its ammonia content was an important element in various processes, including fullering cloth, dying and parchment-making. Streets also ran with blood, since all butchering of cattle was done in the street. At Canterbury the small square outside the main cathedral gate was originally the Bullmarket, where animals were first baited with dogs and then killed and butchered before the meat was sold in the adjoining lane (still called Butchery Lane today). The square is today called the Buttermarket, a case of hiding the historical truth.
How important monastery to the community the middle ages?
Taking the example of a Cistercian monastery in Yorkshire, Kirkstall Abbey, it was surrounded by empty countryside until fairly modern times. Fountains Abbey, another Cistercian house was described as set in "… a place uninhabited for all the centuries back, thick set with thorns, lying between the slopes of mountains and among rocks jutting out on both sides; fit, rather, it seemed, to be the lair of wild beasts than the home of human beings. Its name was Skelldale."Not all monasteries were quite so remote, but all were intended to be separated from society as far as possible, away from the temptations and sins of the outside world.So the importance of monasteries was indirect and almost accidental as far as "the community" was concerned. The Cistercians in particular were extremely good sheep farmers, using immense tracts of land to raise good quality sheep for wool production. They improved sheep farming by introducing new techniques and improving the quality of the end product.Benedictine monks were the pioneers in the artificial insemination and industrial-scale breeding of fish; on the Isle of White monks introduced an immense technological advance in treating wool cloth (fullering) by using water-powered mills to do the work previously done by literally "treading" the cloth - this technology appeared in the 12th century and quickly spread around all of England.Monasteries provided free accommodation for travellers in their hospitals (guest-houses), while monastic infirmaries provided rudimentary medical care for the local population. All monasteries also gave alms to the poor, in the shape of excess food and old clothing.
What was the importance of the mills in medieval times?
In Saxon England most families had some kind of small grindstones in their houses. When the Normans invaded England in 1066 one of their first laws was to prevent people grinding their own cereal crops to make flour at home. This became illegal and people had to pay the local miller to grind the flour for them; the miller had to pay a yearly amount to the king (since the king owned all the mills). This was a very simple method of controlling the huge English population - in the event of any uprising against the Norman overlords, they would simply close all the mills and the people would starve. By the 12th century, various types of watermill were everywhere and everyone was used to paying the miller; it had become part of the lifestyle. Cistercian monks invented a system of fullering cloth using enormous wooden hammers driven entirely by watermills, which replaced the earlier method of treading the cloth with human feet. By the end of the 12th century windmills started to be introduced from Europe and these gradually took over from watermills, although some survived into the Victorian era.
What were the mills used for in the middle ages?
A miller was a person who owned a mill. millers ground corn and crops for the higher powred citizens, and if the miller impressed the royal people than he (millers were always men in the middle ages) would get to sell any extra wheat or grains for money. milllers ground corn, wheat, and any other grains that could help make bread for the king, queen, nobles, knights, and artisans in some cases.
What tools did first century blacksmiths use?
ForgeThe blacksmith's forge in older times ran on hard anthracite coal or ordinary charcoal and was often fanned by an apprentice-powered bellows. Solitary smiths depended on hand-cranked blowers to intensify the fire. Antiques and old plans can still be found to outfit a shop in the old way, but other options abound. Some build forges from junk, while others invest in clean gas-fired furnaces. The quality of the fire is more important than looks or price.AnvilA good anvil is not just a necessity---it's likely to be the smith's first major expense. Occasionally old anvils can still be purchased at auction, but a need for scrap steel during WWII used up most of this country's supply. New steel anvils are expensive both because of the limited market and the expense of shipping, but are not difficult to find. Cast iron anvils and small farrier's anvils are even more common but their potential is limited. A smith should buy the best, but even a section of railroad track is a way to begin.HammersLiterally there are no limits to the variety of hammers a smith will need, but a two pound ball peen is enough to start out. Beginners should use a hammer light enough to control and move up to heavier tools as strength and skill improve. A good general purpose hammer will have a wide and slightly convex face--specialty hammers come in many shapes used for flattening, fullering and driving the many chisels and chasing tools of the trade.TongsWorking with hot steel requires many different types of tongs for holding the work securely on the anvil as it's forged. Tongs with flat jaws, narrow jaws, and jaws with special purpose shapes for holding odd stock will all be essential for specific projects. One of the first lessons in smithing should be how to make a good pair of blacksmith's tongs. Most smiths continue to make their own as needed.AccessoriesA complete shop needs much more than the basic tool set. A solid workbench, assorted hardies (chisels or anvil blocks that fit the square socket in an anvil's face), a stout blacksmith's vise, grinding and polishing wheels, measuring tools, saws and drills will all be required. Using the basic equipment, most of a smith's tool set can be produced as a learning exercise. Purchasing advanced equipment like top and bottom swages---used for shaping and straightening long stock---or buying assorted patterning tools for decorative imprinting might be wiser than trying to produce perfect work yourself.
What are all the parts on a saddle?
dock,tail,point of hock,tendons,ergot,heel,hock,gaskin,thigh,stifle,flank,belly,ribs,wall of hoof,coronet,pastern,fetlock joint,connon bone,knee,forearm,elbow,breast,point of shoulder,jugular groove,windpipe,throat,jaw,chin groove,mouth muzzle,nosrtil,cheek,projecting cheek bone,eye,forehead,forelock,ear,poll,neck,crest,mane,shoulder,withers,back,loins,point of hip,croup, EDIT - Umm... I'd Google this one if I were you. (no offense to Wiki!!) You need to find a picture of a horse that has the parts labeled. Just reading them won't help you much.
What tools did a blacksmith use?
ForgeThe blacksmith's forge in older times ran on hard anthracite coal or ordinary charcoal and was often fanned by an apprentice-powered bellows. Solitary smiths depended on hand-cranked blowers to intensify the fire. Antiques and old plans can still be found to outfit a shop in the old way, but other options abound. Some build forges from junk, while others invest in clean gas-fired furnaces. The quality of the fire is more important than looks or price.AnvilA good anvil is not just a necessity---it's likely to be the smith's first major expense. Occasionally old anvils can still be purchased at auction, but a need for scrap steel during WWII used up most of this country's supply. New steel anvils are expensive both because of the limited market and the expense of shipping, but are not difficult to find. Cast iron anvils and small farrier's anvils are even more common but their potential is limited. A smith should buy the best, but even a section of railroad track is a way to begin.HammersLiterally there are no limits to the variety of hammers a smith will need, but a two pound ball peen is enough to start out. Beginners should use a hammer light enough to control and move up to heavier tools as strength and skill improve. A good general purpose hammer will have a wide and slightly convex face--specialty hammers come in many shapes used for flattening, fullering and driving the many chisels and chasing tools of the trade.TongsWorking with hot steel requires many different types of tongs for holding the work securely on the anvil as it's forged. Tongs with flat jaws, narrow jaws, and jaws with special purpose shapes for holding odd stock will all be essential for specific projects. One of the first lessons in smithing should be how to make a good pair of blacksmith's tongs. Most smiths continue to make their own as needed.AccessoriesA complete shop needs much more than the basic tool set. A solid workbench, assorted hardies (chisels or anvil blocks that fit the square socket in an anvil's face), a stout blacksmith's vise, grinding and polishing wheels, measuring tools, saws and drills will all be required. Using the basic equipment, most of a smith's tool set can be produced as a learning exercise. Purchasing advanced equipment like top and bottom swages---used for shaping and straightening long stock---or buying assorted patterning tools for decorative imprinting might be wiser than trying to produce perfect work yourself.
What are some nine letter words with 5th letter E and 8th letter N and 9th letter G?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 551 words with the pattern ----E--NG. That is, nine letter words with 5th letter E and 8th letter N and 9th letter G. In alphabetical order, they are: accreting accrewing achieving addeeming affeering answering antheming arreeding ashlering assieging awakening badgering balleting bannering bantering barbering barkening barneying barreling bartering basseting batteling battening battering beavering befleaing believing berleying beseeking beseeming besieging beteeming bettering beweeping bickering billeting bittering boldening bonneting boogeying boomerang bordering bothering brazening breveting brokering bucketing budgeting buffering buffeting buggering bullering bulleting bumpering bunkering burdening burleying busheling butlering buttering cacheting calvering cambering canceling cankering cantering careening careering carneying carpeting casketing centering chiseling cindering ciphering clareting clavering closeting cockering coffering colleting compering competing conceding congeeing conjeeing convening convexing conveying coopering coosening coppering corbeling cornering corseting corveting coshering cosseting cottering cratering cravening creneling cudgeling cuitering cumbering currejong curveting cyphering dackering daggering daikering dampening dandering dangering darkening daunering dawnering deadening deafening decreeing decrewing deepening defleaing deflexing defueling depleting diademing diapering dickering diddering dieseling differing dinnering dithering docketing doddering dondering driveling duplexing duskening embleming enameling enfreeing eschewing esteeming estreping exceeding excreting eyeleting faltering farseeing fastening fathering fattening feltering ferreling ferreting festering fettering fewtering fidgeting filleting filtering fineering fingering flowering foddering footering forlesing fostering fothering foutering fullering funneling galleting gandering gardening garnering gartering gathering gendering gettering gibbering gibbeting gimleting gingering gizzening glowering goffering goldening gollering gophering gostering graveling groveling gulleying gusseting guttering haltering hammering hampering hankering hanseling happening hardening harkening hartening hastening hattering helmeting highering hindering hirseling hithering hoidening hollering hoovering hosteling hottering houseling hoydening hungering hunkering hushering hyphening impleting inquering inseeming jabbering jacketing jenneting jibbering jiggering jittering jockeying jolleying juddering junketing kashering kenneling kerneling kippering kittening koshering kurveying laagering lackering lackeying laddering lappering largening lathering laureling laveering lawyering leadening leavening lechering ledgering lessening lettering lichening limbering lingering lippening lippering listening littering loadening loitering loosening loppering loudening lowsening lumbering lustering maddening mammering marketing marveling marvering mastering mattering meekening mickeying mildening mildewing miskeying misseeing mistering mithering mockering moidering moldering mongering monkeying morseling mothering moutering muckering murdering mustering muttering nattering neatening neutering nichering nickeling nickering niddering niffering niggering nippering nithering nuggeting numbering nurseling outseeing overeying oystering packeting palleting paltering pampering pandering parceling pargeting parleying pattening pattering paupering pelleting peltering peppering pestering phoneying picketing piecening pilfering pincering pinkening piqueting pittering pocketing poldering pollening pommeling pompeying pondering poppering portering posseting postering pothering pottering powdering powtering preceding prevening puckering puddening puddering pulvering pummeling pursewing purveying puttering quavering quivering rabbeting racheting racketing raftering rappeling rastering rattening rechewing reddening redeeming refeeding refeeling reflexing refueling regreding reheeling relieving remeeting rendering reopening repleting requering reseeding reseeking reskewing reviewing richening ridgeling rizzering rocketing roqueting rostering rubbering russeting saddening saggering sauteeing savveying sawdering screeding screening screeting screeving scrieving secreting seruewing servewing settering shaveling shivering shoveling showering shreeking shrieking shrieving siamesing siamezing sickening signeting silkening silvering simmering simpering sinnering sintering sistering skewering skivering slavering slivering slokening sniveling socketing soddening sodgering softening soldering sombering sonneting soogeeing spreezing squeezing stereoing streeking streeling streeting subdewing subfeuing subvening suckering suffering summering sundering suppering surveying swiveling syphering tableting taivering tampering targeting tasseling tattering tautening teaseling teazeling teddering teetering telfering tellering telneting tempering tendering tentering tethering tettering threeping ticketing tillering timbering tinkering tinseling tittering tochering toggering toileting toltering tottering trameling trapesing trapezing traveling troweling tuckering tunneling unclewing unfeeling unfreeing unheeding unreeling unreeving unseeling unseeming unweeting velveting veneering volleying waitering wandering wappering wardening wardering warreying washering wastering weakening weaseling weazening weddering weeweeing weltering westering whitening whitewing wildering willeying wintering withering wittering wobbegong wondering woodening woomerang worsening wuthering yabbering yammering yattering ycleeping yickering yikkering zippering
