Generally with steel reinforcing bars (sometimes fondly known as rebars). Steel rebars are provided in tension zone of the beam x-section as concrete in very weak in tension.
Concrete is composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, coarse aggregate made of crushed stone, fine aggregate such as sand, water, and chemical admixtures....
Mass concrete foundations are economical where the side of the excavation can be used as a shutter and where suitable depth of mass can be accommodated to disperse the load without the need for...