Answer:
A mask is a black and white image of the same dimensions as the original image (or the region of interest you are working on). Each of the pixels in the mask can have therefore a value of 0 (black) or 1 (white).
When executing operations on the image the mask is used to restrict the result to the pixels that are 1 (selected, active, white) in the mask. In this way the operation restricts to some parts of the image.
Some images like icons have a mask stored in them that is used when computing which parts of the image are transparent or not.
There are two types of masks: layer mask which is pixel depended (described above) and vector mask which is a path that clips out the contents of the layer and is pixel independent. It is much easier to edit vector mask by the way using path anchor points.