If you are approaching the intersection at speed limit, and the traffic light changes to amber/yellow at 100 feet or less, that's the point of no return. Slamming the brakes will cause you to stop at or near the cross traffic.
A "Green Wave" is a sensor on the traffic lights that allows the main flow of traffic to continue to have a green light unless another car is to pull up in the other direction then the light would change to let the other car go.
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By "amber" I assume you mean yellow. A yellow traffic light indicates that your "right of way" is ending within the next couple seconds. When the light turns yellow you shouldn't enter the intersection if you haven't already, unless you've reached "The point of no return". It's not illegal to go through the intersection while the traffic light is yellow, but if you can stop you should, if you can't stop then go through the intersection (determined by your own judgement). A yellow light is basically a warning of a red light coming, where it is illegal to proceed through the intersection. The duration of a yellow light depends on the road the traffic light is governing. For a side road the traffic light may only show a yellow for around 3 seconds, for a major road such as a state road or US Highway, the traffic light may show a yellow for 4-6 seconds. These timings all depend on the road that the traffic light is governing and what the speed limit is for that road.
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In regards to light it becomes Cyan. In regards to paint it becomes a light Turquoise.
because nothing can escape from it, not even light
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For an aircraft on the ground, it means that you are cleared for taxi. For an aircraft in flight, you must return for landing or go around and attempt landing again.
The opposite would be "light traffic".
If a traffic light breaks most cities will assign a traffic cop to regulate traffic until the light can be fixed.
The traffic light was made in 1823.