The term "copyright" is actually a function of its parts. It is literally the "right to copy" which is granted to the creator of an original work as well as several additional rights. Specifically copyright allows the author to control duplication, distribution, performance, display, and the creation of derivatives.
Copyright is one of the few legal terms that means exactly what it says.
It is literally, the "right to copy", giving the creator/copyright holder of an original work control for a certain period of time in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation.
It varies from country to country, and also by your definition of a copyright law. In the US, in the strictest terms, the most recent copyright act was in 1976; however there is almost a steady stream of legislation that affects copyright.
From the US Copyright Office FAQ...."As a general matter, copyright infringement occurs when a copyrighted work is reproduced, distributed, performed, publicly displayed, or made into a derivative work without the permission of the copyright owner."
Works in the public domain are not protected by copyright.
No. Unless a "fair use" exception applies use of someone elses copyrighted property without permisson is the definition of copyright infringement.
A derivative work pertaining to copyright law, is an expressive creation that includes major, copyright-protected elements of an original, previously created first work.
The term "copyright" is actually a function of its parts. It is literally the "right to copy" which is granted to the creator of an original work as well as several additional rights. Specifically copyright allows the author to control duplication, distribution, performance, display, and the creation of derivatives.
Depending on your definition of "vintage," it might already be protected by copyright. But a sufficiently old photo, from 1922 or earlier, is in the public domain. Once an item enters the public domain, it stays there.
Yes, if it is "creative" and "original" and falls within the statutory definitions of copyrightable materials and not in the definition of works denied copyright. Copyright does not cover "any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery". 17 USC § 102(b).
It varies from country to country, but in the most basic sense it includes a definition of what is protected, a statement of the rights given to the creator, the duration of protection, a definition of infringement, and recourse against infringement.
The legal term (and concept) is "copyright infringement". This is more accurate, as "violation" is more properly a term for criminal activities, not civil actions, and copyright law is Civil Law (though, unfortunately, there now also exists certain Criminal Laws for certain copyright infringement situations). Specifically, copyright infringement is the copying (in whole or in part) of a copyrighted work without the express consent of the copyright owner of that work. There are specific exceptions to where certain amounts of copying are legal (most prominently, but not exclusively, the "Fair Use" doctrine).
Infringement is the use, without permission, of copyrighted works when that use does not qualify for an exception to current law (i.e "fair use")
"Copyright in fragment" is a common misspelling of "copyright infringement," which is the violation of copyright.