The numbers refer, mainly, to the viscosity of the oil and to the temperature range at which is should be used. The oil with the lower number would be less viscous and flow more easily in lower temperatures.
Viscosity. 5W-30 is a "thinner" oil than 10W-40 is.
The 10W 40 oil is thicker and is thought by many to be more efficient.
The weight of the oil when it is cold. The 15w is a thicker oil than the 10w when it is cold.
The main difference is cold flow ability. The 5w30 will flow better when cover over the 10w30. Once operating temperature is achieved, they are virtually the same.
10w-30 or 10w-40 oil
15w40 is thicker at all temps vs 10w30.
Yes
10w-30 oil will work fine.
5W-20 is slightly thinner than 10W-30. many manufacturers have switched to recommending 5W-20 due to the fact that it doesn't hold as much heat as 10W-30. The cooler you can get your engine to run the better gas mileage you will get, and the longer your engine will last
Usually no difference except that later model vehicles require a multi-viscosity oil (5w-30, 10w-30. etc) while the regular 30w is recommended for small engines such as a lawn mower.
The 50W is not a multiviscosity.
10W-30 or 10W-40 can be used.