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The whole Earth is farthest from the sun during the first few days of July.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelion
Orbital forcings:Eccenticity in the Earth's orbit - 21k year cycleObliquity (tilt of Earth's axis) - 41k year cyclePrecession (The time at which Earth is closest and farthest from the sun) - 100k year cycle
solstice
When a planet is closest to us is not determined by the time of year. Each planet takes a different amount of time to orbit the sun. So as we are orbiting the sun, so is Jupiter, and the time we are closest to it in one year will be different the following year, as Jupiter will have moved by then.
The name we use for Earth orbiting the Sun once time is, "Year". It takes one year for the Earth to revolve once around the Sun.
each year first inhabited place on Earth to experience the New Year is kiritimati or Christmas island. utc+14 it is world's farthest forward time zone. it is a pacific ocean atoll in the northern line islands and part of the republic of kiribati.
The Earth reaches its aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) about July 4 each year, at which point the Earth is 152,097,701 km away from the Sun.
solstice
An equinox is the time when the day and night are of equal length in a day. It is also the time that the Sun is directly overhead at Earth's equator at noon. A solstice is the time when the day and night are the most different in length of time than any other time of the year. It is also the time that the Sun is farthest from being directly above the Earth's equator at noon.
It's slightly less in July, when the earth is farthest from the sun, and slightly more in January, when the earth is closest to the sun. But these differences are very small.
The distance between the Earth and the Sun varies from day to day. The Earth is closest to the Sun on January 4, (plus or minus one day) and farthest away from the Sun on July 4. There is very little difference from year to year.