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Yemen.
Either Monarchy, Emirates, or Republics
Diversity
The main physical characteristic affecting regional settlement patterns in the Middle East is water.
The growth of modern capitalism.
Pharaoh
yes
great pharaohs
Massive stone churches from the Middle Ages, with stained windows, were called catherdrals.
kings
Yes. Both Cyprus (to a degree) and Lebanon are Confessionalist Republics or Compromised Republics. The amount of power that is allocated between the different groups in the country is determined by demographics in the country. If you meant "democratic" as opposed to "demographic", Israel, Turkey, and Cyprus are considered the only true democracies in the Middle East.
Medieval houses had windows. Rich people had glass in their windows, which poor people often did not.