Chemical process involved in glycolysis

Answer 1

Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. Energy is released during glycolysis.

Answer 2

Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. In glycolysis there are a series of coupled reactions.

It can be divided into two main phases: Glycolysis I and Glycolysis II.

Glycolysis I

In order for the process of cellular respiration to begin, glucose is needed. One ATP comes along and phosphorylates it turning it into Glucose 6-phosphate. The ATP is now ADP. In the next step, Glucose 6-phosphate rearranges itself to become Fructose 6-phosphate and once again, this is where the second phosphorylation occurs. Fructose 6-phoshate is phosphorylated into Fructose 1,6-biphosphate. Afterward, this six carbon molecule is split into two three carbon molecules: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (also known as G3P or PGAL) and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). DHAP is converted to G3P resulting in two G3P molecules altogether.

Glycolysis II

Continuing on from Glycolysis I, as these two G3P molecules are converted to 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate, hydrogen atoms from these G3P molecules reduce NAD+ to NADH. Because this happens to each of the G3P molecules, that means that two NAD+ are reduced to two NADH. Then, 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate (2) are converted to 3-Phosphogylerate (2). A high energy phosphate group on 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate phosphorylates a total of two ADP to two ATP. 3-Phosphogylerate (2) then rearranges itself to become 2-Phosphogylerate (2). 2-Phosphogylerate (2) is then converted to Phosphoenolypyruvate (2) by a removal of a water molecule (known as oxidation of 2-Phosphogylerate (2) to form H2O). Lastly, a high energy phosphate group on the Phosphoenolypyruvate phosphorylates a total of two ADP molecules to two ATP molecules. As a result, two Pyruvate molecules are formed.

In summary, in Glycolysis I, two ATP are inputted resulting in two G3P (PGAL).

In Glycolysis II, two NADH are formed, four ATP are outputted, and two pyruvate are created.

Input: 2 ATP

Output: 4 ATP

___________

Net gain: 2 ATP and 2 NADH

The equation for glycolysis is:

Glucose + 2ADP +2Pi +2NAD+ ---> 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O

Please note that if there is no oxygen present, then the NADH are oxidized to NAD+. In yeast, if there is no oxygen present, it will form carbon dioxide and ethanol. In humans, if there is no oxygen present, lactic acid fermentation occurs.

Therefore, if oxygen is present, the two pyruvate can continue on to the next step in cellular respiration.

Answer 3

In stage one of glyosysis, the following events are noteworthy: 1. There is an expenditure of energy (one ATP molecule) in the very first reaction of the pathway 2. This is accompanied by the reduction of NAD to NADH + H+. 3. Six carbon compounds are cleaved into two three-carbon compounds toward the end of the first step.

Answer 4

During glycoses glucose is broken down by enzymes. This process releases ATP as an energy source for cells to live.

Answer 5

There are so many things that involve glycolysis. The most common is where glucose is converted into pyruvate and this is an initial step in the respiratory system.

Answer 6

cellular respiration

Answer 7

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