Thermophiles are bacteria that live in high temperature environments. Some have been found around deep sea vents (such as in the Indian ocean) and survive on the sulphur, hydrogen and carbon dioxide being released from the vents, thus making them independant from using any of the sun's energy.
Therefore these thermophiles are dependant on the Earth's inner structure and theoretically we couldn't have an Earth without a star such as our sun to revolve around. So indirectly these thermophiles still need the sun. However, their energy is not dependant on the sun > producer > consumer hierachy typically seen in energy flow diagrams.
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Deep sea organisms living near hydrothermal vents do not rely on the sun for energy. Instead, they use a process called chemosynthesis where they convert chemicals from the vents into energy. This allows them to thrive in the absence of sunlight.
No, the sun does not reproduce. It is a massive, constant nuclear fusion reaction that creates energy through the conversion of hydrogen into helium in its core.
This is dependent on how far it is tipping from the sun. If it is tipping as far away as possible, then it is the middle of Winter.
The answer is dependent on the Earth's rotation ... not the sun. Thus the answer varies from 1000 mph at the equator to zero at the poles.
No known organism eats the sun, as the sun is a star composed of extremely hot gases. Without the sun, life on Earth would not exist as it provides the energy needed for the planet's ecosystem to function.
The sun does not have homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to regulate internal conditions to maintain stability, which is a characteristic only found in living organisms. The sun is a ball of gas that undergoes processes like fusion to produce heat and light.