Answer:
The decision in McCulloch v Maryland, (1819) increased federalism by invoking "implied powers" and established a hierarchical dominance of the central government over the states. This created a precedent that could be used to decide other cases in which federal and state interests conflicted.
Explanation
Marshall concluded that Congress had the right to establish a national bank as an implied power under the Necessary and Proper Clause because the bank was being used to further Congress' constitutional authority to tax and distribute funds. Unlike the Articles of Confederation, which preceded the US Constitution, the Constitution does not prohibit the exercise of implied powers necessary to assist in carrying out constitutional mandates.
The Court also held that the Supremacy clause, which elevates federal law above state law when the two are in conflict (and do not involve a right reserved to the state) protected the bank from being taxed by the State(s).
Case Citation:
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 US 316 (1819)