When do you use an apostrophe?

apostrophe

The apostrophe has three uses:

1) to form possessives of nouns 2) to show the omission of letters 3) to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters.

Apostrophes are NOT used for possessive pronouns or for noun plurals, including acronyms.

How to make a noun possessive: To see if you need to make a possessive, turn the phrase around and make it an "of the..." phrase. For example:

the boy's hat = the hat of the boy three days' journey = journey of three days

If the noun after "of" is a building, an object, or a piece of furniture, then no apostrophe is needed!

room of the hotel = hotel room

door of the car = car door

leg of the table = table leg

Once you've determined whether you need to make a possessive, follow these rules to create one.

1. add 's to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in -s): the owner's car; James's hat

2. add 's to the plural forms that do not end in -s:

the children's game; the geese's honking

3. add ' to the end of plural nouns that end in -s:

houses' roofs; three friends' letters

4. add 's to the end of compound words:

my brother-in-law's money

5. add 's to the last noun to show joint possession of an object:

Todd and Anne's apartment

Showing omission of letters: Apostrophes are used in contractions. A contraction is a word (or set of numbers) in which one or more letters (or numbers) have been omitted. The apostrophe shows this omission. Contractions are common in speaking and in informal writing. To use an apostrophe to create a contraction, place an apostrophe where the omitted letter(s) would go. Here are some examples:

don't = do not

I'm = I am

he'll = he will

who's = who is

shouldn't = should not

didn't = did not

could've= could have (NOT "could of"!)

'60 = 1960

Forming plurals of lowercase letters: Apostrophes are used to form plurals of letters that appear in lowercase; here the rule appears to be more typographical than grammatical, e.g. "three ps" versus "three p's." To form the plural of a lowercase letter, place 's after the letter. There is no need for apostrophes indicating a plural on capitalized letters, numbers, and symbols (though keep in mind that some editors, teachers, and professors still prefer them). Here are some examples:

p's and q's = a phrase indicating politeness, possibly from "mind your pleases and thankyous"?

Nita's mother constantly stressed minding one's p's and q's.

three Macintosh G4s = three of the Macintosh model G4

There are two G4s currently used in the writing classrom.

many &s = many ampersands

That printed page has too many &s on it.

the 1960s = the years in decade from 1960 to 1969

The 1960s were a time of great social unrest.

Don't use apostrophes for possessive pronouns or for noun plurals. Apostrophes should not be used with possessive pronouns because possessive pronouns already show possession -- they don't need an apostrophe. His, her, its, my, yours, ours are all possessive pronouns.

An addition to the above text:

I read over the above text, and made just a few minor edits to it, such as moving the symbols and letters over in order to be more easily recognized (sample: "add 's to the last noun..."), and a couple of minor corrections.

I have been appalled, and downright angry, with the ignorance that is evidenced by so many writers in newspapers and magazines, and advertising people, that exposes their lack of education in the English language. I even had teachers write notes to me that could have been written by ninth or tenth grade children. These things are evidence that our schools are not teaching the English language to the students in their classrooms. I can't count how many times I have heard college students make statements similar to the following: "I am majoring in Physical Education (or Mathematics, or Biology, etc.) and really do not need to know how to diagram a sentence, or how to spell words." I think that is a stupid thing to say.

We have a uniform language with uniform laws and rules to follow in order to keep the language uniform. If people are allowed to obey the rules of the language when they feel like it, or use the language any way they wish, we will have 10 or 15 ways to tell someone how to brush your teeth! When our schools are employing teachers who are no better than their students in diagraming a sentence, those teachers should be fired and replaced with competent teachers!

The ebonics utilized by a small segment of our society is nothing more than an attempt by those people to sabotage the English language, and they are hoping they can find enough people who are as lazy as they are about learning the language. And that is all it is--lazy people who are trying to bluff mainstream America into allowing them to remain too lazy to learn the country's language.

I could go on and on about the way people abuse and misuse our language! The worst offenders are advertisers, trying to get the attention of the shopper. I am sometimes stunned by the misspellings of advertisers, and I wonder at their being too lazy to look up the words used in their commercial messages. I KNOW they must be aware of the possibility of misspelled words in some of those advertisements!

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