Alexander Hamilton founded the First Bank of the U.S., an arm of the Treasury, while working for Geo. Washington, but was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr. He's on the $10.
And if you want to go old-school, the no-longer produced (but still legal tender) $10,000 bill is faced by Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury. He invented the precursor to the IRS, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, which started collecting taxes in 1862. After resigning in 1864, Lincoln made him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.