During the Bubonic Plague, judges visiting prisons used to wear primitive gasmasks, stuffed with herbs or spices thought to ward off the plague - since it looked like a beak... they were referred to as "going before the beak" as they were never seen without it.
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A judge in Britain had the title justice preceding his name.
The referee of gladiatorial combats was called summa (high) rudis. The name came from the wooden staff (rudis) he used to separate the gladiators when necessary. He had assistants who were called rudis.
It's a Gavel. (rhymes with gravel)
The wooden pad under a gavel is called the "Sound Block" or the "Base" of the gavel.
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