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Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus.

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Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus.

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Different lactic acid bacteria such as:Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus.

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Micro-organisms related to soy sauce production are mainly koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae), lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus halophilus) and osmophilic yeasts (Saccharomyces rouxii, Candida (Torulopsis) versatilis, Candida (Torulopsis) etchellsii).

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Sauerkraut is a fermented cabbage that results in a sour taste, giving it the name sauerkraut (sour cabbage). The fermentation process, similar to pickling, occurs when the lactic acid bacteria, namely Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus, on the cabbage leaves starts to ferment with salt. It's a three stage process that takes anywhere from two to five weeks or longer. The result is a health packed food very rich in vitamin C and other nutrients. It is also the leading reason many lives were saved at sea many years ago. In the 18th century scurvy was rampant and they needed to find a cure fast. It is said that in the mid 18th century the British crown set out to find a cure and sent many ship captains out with potential solutions. Captain James Cook was one of these men and happened to be carrying sauerkraut, and because of this he successfully protected his crew during many months of voyage.


The process of fermenting has much older roots in China, and it is believed that Ghangis Kahn originally brought it over to Eastern Europe. Workers building the Great Wall of China used to eat fermented cabbage regularly, but theirs was created by soaking cabbage in rice wine. In the 1700's Dutch settlers brought Sauerkraut to America and made it a staple in their cooking, which is a large reason why it is so popular in America today. Just like German Sauerkraut, many other countries today have their own variations of this popular side dish.

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Tibicos, also known as tibi, water kefir grains, sugar kefir grains, Japanese water crystals and California Bees, and in older literature also known as Bébées, African bees, Ale nuts, Australian bees, Balm of Gilead, Beer seeds, Beer plant, Bees, Ginger Beer plant, Ginger bees, Japanese Beer seeds and Vinegar bees are a culture of bacteria and yeast held in a polysaccharide matrix created by the bacteria. As with kefir grains, the microbes present in tibicos act in symbiosis to maintain a stable culture. Tibicos can do this in many different sugary liquids, feeding off the sugar to produce lactic acid, alcohol (ethanol), and carbon dioxide gas which carbonates the drink.

Tibicos are found around the world, with no two cultures being exactly the same. Typical tibicos have a mix of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc bacteria with yeasts from Saccharomyces, Candida, Kloeckera and possibly others. Lactobacillus brevis has been identified as the species responsible for the production of the polysaccharide (dextran) that forms the grains. Pidoux (1989)also identifies the sugary kefir grain with the ginger beer plant. There are certainly opportunistic bacteria taking advantage of this stable symbiotic relation which might be the reason for the many different names/distinction in the scientific literature. Different ingredients/hygienic conditions might also change the fungal and bacteriological composition leading to the different names. This has to be established by further research, however.

People who do not wish to consume dairy products may find that water kefir provides Probiotics without the need for dairy or tea cultured products, like kombucha. Since the finished product, if bottled, will produce a carbonated beverage, it provides an alternative to sweet soda drinks for children and adults.

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