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Inverter Tutorial and Frequently Asked Questions:

Q: What is an inverter?

A: An inverter takes DC power (battery or solar, for example) and converts it into AC "household" power for running electronic equipment and appliances.

Q: How is an inverter different than a UPS?

A: A UPS typically includes the battery and battery charger in one stand alone unit. However, there are UPSs that use external batteries, and PowerStream makes inverters with battery chargers, so the differences blurr as features proliferate.

UPSs also can have communication with the equipment that it is powering letting the equipment know that it is operating on standby, giving it shutdown warning, or communicating with the human in the loop. Inverters typically don't have this communication.

Q: Why are they called inverters?

A: Originally converters were large rotating electromechanical devices. Essentially they combined a synchronous ac motor with a commutator so that the commutator reversed its connections to the ac line exactly twice per cycle. The results is ac-in dc-out. If you invert the connections to a converter you put dc in and get ac out. Hence an inverter is an inverted converter. For more information about such converters see http:/www.nycsubway.org/tech/power/rotary.HTML (thanks to Karl W.Berger, PE for this answer).

Q: What if I want a DC output to run such things as a laptop from a car cigarette lighter, or telephone equipment at -48 volts?

A: Then you want a DC/DC converter. PowerStream has some DC/DC converters just for those purposes. http:/www.powerstream.com/dcdc.htm

Q: What is the difference between sine wave and modified sine wave?

A: Alternating current (AC) has a continuously varying voltage that swings from positive to negative. This has great advantages in power transmission over long distances. Power from your power company is carefully regulated to be a perfect sine wave, because that is what naturally comes out of a generator, and also because sine waves radiate the least amount of radio power during long distance transmission.

On the other hand, a sine wave is expensive to make in an inverter, and many sine wave techniques use heavy, inefficient Transformers. The most inexpensive way to make AC is to switch the DC on and off--a square wave. A modified sine wave is scientifically designed to simulate a sine wave in the most important respects so that it will work for most appliances. It consists of a flat plateau of positive voltage, dropping abruptly to zero for a while, then dropping again to a flat plateau of negative voltage, back to zero for a while, then returning to the positive voltage. This pause at zero volts puts more power into the 60HZ fundamental than a simple square wave does, so it is called "modified sine wave" instead of "square wave."

Q: Can I use a modified sine wave inverter for my medical equipment?

A: For Medical equipment, oxygen generators, etc. talk to the manufacturer of the equipment. PowerStream inverters are never tested or rated with medical equipment, and we don't guarantee that they will work to save your life. For such applications please find inverters that are rated and tested for such applications.

Q: What about square wave inverters?

A: These old-fashioned inverters are the cheapest to make, but the hardest to use. They just flip the voltage from plus to minus creating a square waveform. They are not very efficient because the square wave has a lot of power in higher harmonics that cannot be used by many appliances. The modified sine wave is designed to minimize the power in the harmonics while still being cheap to make.

Q: How do I know if I need a sine wave, or if I can live with a modified sine wave?

A: The following gadgets work well with a modified sine wave: computers, motor-driven appliances, toasters, coffee makers, most stereos, ink jet printers, refrigerators, TVs, VCRs, many microwave ovens, etc.

Appliances that are known to have problems with the modified sine wave are some digital clocks, some battery chargers, light dimmers, some battery operated gadgets that recharge in an AC recepticle, some chargers for hand tools (Makita is known to have this problem). In the case of hand tools, the problem chargers usually have a warning label stating that dangerous voltages are present at the battery terminals when charging. We would like to add to this FAQ any appliances that you have had trouble with, or had success with, using modified sine wave inverters.

Q: Why do I hear buzzing on my stereo when using a modified sine wave inverter?

A: Some inexpensive stereos use power supplies that cannot eliminate common-mode noise. These would require a sine wave inverter to operate noise-free.

Q: Why don't I measure rated voltages when using a multimeter on my modified sine wave inverter?

A. The rated voltage is an RMS (root mean square--they square the value to make sure it is always positive, then average it, then take the square root of the average to make up for having squared it in the first place) measurement. Most multimeters are designed to give correct RMS readings when applied to sine waves, but not when they are applied to other waveforms. They will read from 2% to 20% low in voltage. Look for a voltmeter that braggs about "True RMS" readings.

Q: How should I select the right size inverter?

A: First add up the power ratings of all the appliances, then buy the next larger inverter! At least that is the simple answer. Note, however, that some appliances, such as table saws, refrigerators, and microwaves have a surge requirement. PowerStream inverters are designed to supply such surges, but since every appliance has its own requirements sometimes you will need to get a bigger inverter than you would otherwise think. Note that the inverter isn't the only consideration when you are pondering the mysteries of start up surges. The battery must also be able to supply the surge power, and the cables must be able to supply the increased current without dropping the voltage too much.

Q: How is a microwave rated for wattage?

A: When you buy a microwave oven you want to know how intense the microwave field is, not how much the oven draws from the wall. So a microwave oven that boasts 600 watts on the box, will have 1200 watts on the boilerplate in the back. Don't be fooled!

Q: Are stereo amplifiers rated the same way?

A: Stereo manufacturers are bigger liars than politicians. Some times they use peak output power (milliseconds), sometimes they use power drawn from the wall, but often they just look at the competition's carton front and add 10%. However the truth is available: look at the boilerplate sticker, which has been evaluated by UL.

Q: Why do I need such humongous cables to the battery when a small cord takes the AC output fine?

A: Power is volts times amps (Watts = V x A). So if you have a lot of voltage you don't need many amps. Roughly you need 12 times as much current from the 12 volt battery as you need from the 110 volt AC outlet. Current is what causes cables to heat up, not voltage. That is why they use thousands of volts in power transmission grids. The thing to do when you have lots of current is to lower the resistance of the cable. The larger the wire the lower the resistance. Think of the cable as a water pipe. A big pipe (wire) can carry more water (current or amperage) with less pressure (voltage), and will present less pressure (voltage) drop from one end of the pipe to the other.

Another consideration is how far the cable has to run from the battery to the inverter. Long cable runs are expensive, either in copper or efficiency, or both.

Q: Why would you use a 24 volt inverter instead of a 12 volt inverter?

A. At a given power rating a 24 volt inverter will need half the current as a 12 volt inverter. This makes the entire system more efficient, and since high current transistors are expensive, the inverter will be cheaper.

Q: Should I use aluminum wire, or must I use copper?

A: Aluminum is cheaper and lighter, but it also has higher resistance for a given gauge and is more difficult to connect to. If you are an expert in such things, or know one, and need the advantages that aluminum gives, go ahead. If not, why not use the best conductor, copper? (Silver is slightly better, but it is cheaper to use a larger diameter copper). To compare the two look at our web page http:/www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm .

Make sure to use good insulation, 90°C rated or better. Also, running two sets of parallel wires instead of one can cut down on the wire heating due to more surface area.

Make sure to follow all applicable electrical codes. Inverters must be grounded properly, and treated with respect, since they put out potentially lethal voltage. A lot of smart people have worked for 100 years to develop rules which will keep you out of trouble if followed. These rules are called the national electrical code, and your friend the electrician has it memorized (or knows where to look it up).

Q: Should I use a laser printer with an inverter?

A: Only if you must. Laser printers use up a surprising amount of power (due to the heated rollers), and will discharge your battery faster than you expect, even on standby. If you do, make sure the inverter is rated for the power of the printer plus computer plus monitor. It doesn't do any good to have your computer brown out as soon as the the printer starts to print. Ink jet printers, on the other hand, use a surprsingly low amount of power.

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12y ago
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12y ago

The two signals (waveforms) are the same shape but the cosine signal is phase shifted by 90 degrees (a quarter cycle). If you were to plot the two, the sine signal starts (t=0) at zero amplitude and the cosine starts at the max. amplitude. If you were to observe the two waveforms on an oscilloscope, you wouldn't be able to tell the difference. It's only the initial value that defines the two signals.

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12y ago

Yes and no. The square wave, by Fourier analysis, is the summation of all of the odd harmonics divided by the harmonic number. As a result, you can extract the sine wave from a square wave, but you need a very sharp low pass filter, because you need to remove all harmonics at and above the third harmonic. That is difficult to achieve, in the practical world.

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13y ago

There are 360 degrees in one cycle of a sine wave.

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12y ago

well square wave consist duty cycle of 50 % while the pulse can hold any random duty cycle whether it may be 40 % , 60% or 80% or whatever.

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11y ago

infinite

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Q: What is the difference between a square wave and a sine wave?
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Continue Learning about Engineering

How do you convert square wave to sine wave?

Filter the square wave with a low-pass filter sharp enough to remove all frequencies above the frequency of the square wave.


How does a ups recreate an ac sine wave?

By switching circuits or transistors that turn on and off the polarity. This usually results in a square wave output. Then capacitors charge and discharge to smooth out the square wave to resemble the AC sine wave. The better or more expensive the inverter, the closer to an actual sine wave it gets.


Which circuit used to convert a sine wave to a square wave?

Though it is not possible to get a mathematically perfect square wave from a sine wave, it is possible to get a reasonably close square wave from a sine wave. A clipper circuit is one which clips off the top of a sine wave thus giving it a flat top. Clipper circuits find their applications in electronics but not in electrical engineering (that deals with bulk of the power that we use, both at home and in industry). You can also use a comparator, detecting the zero transitions, and producing a digital output which will be close to a square wave. Squareness will be dependent on symmetry, of course.


What happens where the phase shift between the sine wave and cosine wave is 180?

This question makes no sense as the specified condition cannot occur. The phase shift between a sine wave and a cosine wave is always 90 degrees, by definition.


What is the difference between pure sine wave and modified sine waves?

A pure sine wave has energy at only one frequency.Any other wave shape has energy at other frequencies in addition to the frequency of the obvious waveshape.If you add up enough sine waves with the right frtequencoies and amplitudes, they'll add up to form any shapeyou want, even a squarewave.

Related questions

If Sine wave A and sine wave B are each ten kHz but B is delayed by 8.5 micro seconds from A The phase difference between the waves is?

30.6 degrees


How do you convert square wave to sine wave?

Filter the square wave with a low-pass filter sharp enough to remove all frequencies above the frequency of the square wave.


In telecommunication what is a pulse train with a 50 percent duty-cycle called?

Square


What happen if you give square wave instead of sine wave to the transformer?

If a square wave is used instead of a sine wave in a transformer, the output power will operate at a different frequency. This will produces varying levels of voltage and amperage based on the wave.


How does a ups recreate an ac sine wave?

By switching circuits or transistors that turn on and off the polarity. This usually results in a square wave output. Then capacitors charge and discharge to smooth out the square wave to resemble the AC sine wave. The better or more expensive the inverter, the closer to an actual sine wave it gets.


Is sine wave analog wave?

A: ANALOGUE IT can be AC or DC it is up to the application involved An analog signal can be a sine wave, a square wave a sawtooth wave or any other varying waveform


Which is more reasonable using a sine wave or square wave signal to determine slew rate?

It is more reasonable to use square wave rather than sine wave signal to determine slew rate. Both signal sources serve as a functional generator with the sine wave providing high purity waves.Ê


Difference between square wave and digital signal?

A: square wave can be positive and or negative. A digital signal is a square wave but it can be of invariable duty cycles


What is difference between pulse and square wave?

The ON time and OFF time of a square wave are equal. this condition is not applicable for a pulse.


Which circuit used to convert a sine wave to a square wave?

Though it is not possible to get a mathematically perfect square wave from a sine wave, it is possible to get a reasonably close square wave from a sine wave. A clipper circuit is one which clips off the top of a sine wave thus giving it a flat top. Clipper circuits find their applications in electronics but not in electrical engineering (that deals with bulk of the power that we use, both at home and in industry). You can also use a comparator, detecting the zero transitions, and producing a digital output which will be close to a square wave. Squareness will be dependent on symmetry, of course.


What is the relation between sine wave and frequency?

A sine wave is a periodic function and, by suitably adjusting the argument of the sine function, can be made to fit a wide functions with different frequencies.


Why do you sample sine wave and not other waves?

Because the laws of basic AC circuit theory only apply to a true sine wave. Other waveforms, such as square or sawtooth, are imperfect recreations of a sine wave with many harmonic frequencies present.